Conjugation of Verbs
Types of Verbs
| Ichidan Verbs | Godan Verbs |
|---|---|
| dictionary (regular) form usually end in -eru | dictionary (regular) form usually end in -aru, -uru, -oru |
| the -nai form has an -i or -e vowel before the -nai | the -nai form has an -a vowel before the -nai |
Exceptions: aru, kuru, suru
Ichidan Verbs
You can build any form just by dropping the -ru.
| Positive | Negative | Positive Polite | Negative Polite | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regular | taberu (to eat) | tabenai | tabemasu | tabemasen |
| Volitional | tabeyō taberu darō |
tabenai darō | tabemashō taberu deshō |
tabenai deshō |
| Imperative | tabero | taberu na | tabete kudasai | tabenai de kudasai |
| Past Indicative | tabeta | tabenakatta | tabemashita | tabemasen deshita |
| Past Presumtive | tabetarō tabeta darō |
tabenakatta darō | tabeta deshō | tabenakatta deshō |
| Present Progressive | tabete iru | - | tabete imasu | tabete imasen |
| Past Progressive | tabete ita | - | tabete imashita | tabete imasen deshita |
| Provisional Conditional | tabereba | tabenakereba | - | - |
| Conditional | tabetara | tabenakattara | tabemashitara | tabemasen deshitara |
| Potential | taberareru | taberarenai | taberaremasu | taberaremasen |
| Causative | tabesaseru | tabesasenai | tabesasemasu | tabesasemasen |
| Passive | taberareru | taberarenai | taberaremasu | taberaremasen |
Additional Forms
tabesasero - make someone eat
tabetai - want to eat
tabenagara - while eating
tabesugiru - too much to eat, see すぎる
The -te form can be combined with multiple other words, e.g. ている、ていく、てくる、ては、ても.
Note
Exceptions:
suru - Regular --> shimasu - Polite
Godan Verbs
More complex conjugation...
| Positive | Negative | Positive Polite | Negative Polite | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regular | nomu (to drink) | nomanai | nomimasu | nomimasen |
| Volitional | nomō nomu darō |
nomanai darō | nomimashō nomu deshō |
nomanai deshō |
| Imperative | nome | nomu na | nonde kudasai | nomanai de kudasai |
| Past Indicative | nonda | nomanakatta | nomimashita | nomimasen deshita |
| Past Presumtive | nondarō nonda darō |
nomanakatta darō | nonda deshō | nomanakatta deshō |
| Present Progressive | nonde iru | - | nonde imasu | nonde imasen |
| Past Progressive | nonde ita | - | nonde imashita | nonde imasen deshita |
| Provisional Conditional | nomeba | nomanakereba | - | - |
| Conditional | nondara | nomanakattara | nomimashitara | nomimasen deshitara |
| Potential | nomeru | nomenai | nomemasu | nomemasen |
| Causative | nomaseru | nomasenai | nomasemasu | nomasemasen |
| Passive | nomareru | nomarenai | nomaremasu | nomaremasen |
Additional Forms
masu stem:
nomitai - want to drink
nominagara - while drinking
nomisugiru - drink too much
nomiyasui - easy to drink
nominasai - please drink
nomimashou - let's drink